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This calculator implements the standard compound interest formula: A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt), where A is the final amount, P is the principal, r is the annual interest rate, n is the compounding frequency, and t is the number of years. For calculations with regular contributions, the future value of annuity formula is added: FV = PMT × [((1 + r/n)^(nt) - 1) / (r/n)]. The calculator supports multiple compounding frequencies: annually (n=1), semi-annually (n=2), quarterly (n=4), monthly (n=12), and daily (n=365). All calculations use standard financial mathematics as taught in university finance courses and used by financial institutions worldwide. No inflation adjustment is applied unless explicitly selected. Limitations: This calculator assumes a constant interest rate over the entire period, which rarely happens with actual investments. Real investment returns fluctuate year to year — the S&P 500 has had annual returns ranging from -37% to +52%. The calculator does not account for taxes on investment gains, which can significantly affect real returns. For retirement planning, consider using inflation-adjusted (real) return rates, typically 4-7% for stock market investments.